Christinak



__**Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems**__ 25/07/11 Cells make up tissues, Tissues make up organs, Organs make up an working system...

Tissues make organs and these organs come together with other organs to create a system. These systems are all have a specific job. . For example; the mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and the pancreas all work together to make the Digestive System. The Digestive System collects the food that we consume and breaks it down into chemicals that the body can use. Another example would be the Nervous System. The Nervous System consists of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves. All of these organs work together to send messages around the body, so that our body parts can communicate with eachother. This allows a organism to move, talk, eat and many other things. Sometimes an organ can belong to more than one system.

Terminology List!

 * Term || Definition ||
 * circulatory system || Sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again. ||
 * digestive system || breaksdown food and aborbs them into the circulatory system. The organs that make this system include the esophagus, stomach and intestines. It is aided by other organs such as the liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salicary gland. ||
 * respiratory system || takes in toygen and removes carbon dioxide and water. The organs that make this system include the trachea, brochioles, lungs and mouth. ||
 * endocrine || The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, as well as sexual function and reproductive processes. The organs of this system include the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thymus gland, thyroid, ovary and testes. ||
 * lymphatic system || The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. Organs include: nodes, tonsils and spleen. ||
 * muscular system || maintains the bodys heat and posture. ||
 * nervous system || Coordinates body actions and monitors the environment. Organs include: brain and nerves. ||
 * cardiovascular system || Transports untrients, gases and chemical wastes. Organs include: heart and blood vessels. ||
 * integumentary || First line of defense against infection, maintains body temperature. Organs include: skin, hair and nails. ||
 * reproductive system || Produce offspring to maintain the species. Organs include: uterus, fallopian tubes, testes, vas deferens ||
 * urinary system || Removes liquid waster from the body. Organs include: ureters, urethra, bladder. ||
 * muscular system || Moves bones and protects organs ||
 * skeletal system || Provides support and protection. Organs: cartilage, bones and joints. ||

**__The Respiratory System:__** 25/07/11

__**Explain how air enters and exits the lungs.**__ Air enters when the diaphragm is lowered due to the movement of muscles. The lowered pressure in the chest cavity causes air from the outside to rush into the lungs.

__**The Alveolus**__

media type="youtube" key="JhqDPs0ECks" height="349" width="560" align="center"

** __Celluar Respiratory System__ 30/07/11 ** Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

**__The Cardio- vascular System__ 1/08/11** media type="custom" key="10104191" align="center"

- To carry oxygen around the body -To fight diseases -To clot when there is a cut. || __**Function of Red Blood Cells (RBC)**__ The tiny biconcave RBCs contain haemoglobin that attaches oxygen to be carried around the body.
 * **Arteries** || Arteries have thick, elastic, muscular walls and they carry blood AWAY from your heart ||
 * **Veins:** || Veins have thinner walls and valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards. It carries blood TO from the heart. ||
 * **Capillaries:** || Capillaries are very important blood vessel because they carry materials such as oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the body and remove wastes including carbon dioxide. ||
 * **Heart:** || The heart is about the size of your fist and it has two pumps. It pumps blood throughout the whole body. ||
 * **Blood:** || It carries oxygen to cells, it carries waste away from cells, and serves as a carrier for various disease-fighting cells such as the "white" blood cells.- To carry nutrients such as Glucose - To carry wastes such as carbon dioxide
 * <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">**Plasma:** || <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">Blood fluid that carries the blood cell. ||

__**Function of White Blood Cells (WBCs)**__
<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; text-align: center;">The larger WBCs fight diseases by engulfing the germs. Some WBCs produce antidotes that attack germs.

__**Functions of Blood Plasma**__
<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; text-align: center;">Plasma is straw- coloured liquid which mostly consists of nutrients such as water, glucose and waste produce such as carbon dioxide are carried around the body in plasma.

__**Function of Platelets**__
<span style="display: block; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.375in; text-align: center;">Platelets help to clot blood when a blood vessel is cut.

** __Modern Medical Technology__ 6/08/11 ** = = __**Artificial Heart:**__ The artificial heart is made of titanium and plastic. A small electronic device is implanted in the abdominal wall to the monitor and control the pumping speed. There are two batteries, one external and one internal. The external battery is strapped around the waist providing 4-5 hours of power. The internal which is also implanted in the abdomen can be disconnected from the main battery for 30-40 mins so that the bearer can do activities such as showering. Artificial hearts are typically used in order to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in case transplantation is impossible. The first artificial heart was the Jarvik-7, designed by Robert Jarvik. __**Electrocardiograms (ECG)**__ An electrocardiogram ,or ECG for short, is a medical test that detects cardiac abnormalities by measuring and recording the electrical activity of the heart. The ECG works through the use of flat pieces of metal that are connected to the ECG machine, called electrodes. These electrodes pick up the impulses of the heart, producing a trace of detailed information. The abnormal ECG’s are created when dead tissue is in the heart as the electrical signal cannot travel through the dead tissue. If abnormal details are shown in the electrocardiogram this suggest heart conditions, so doctors perform further tests. This allows them to diagnosis a wide range of heart conditions, such as heart arrhythmias and cardiac infarction. __**Artificial Blood**__ Artificial blood is the alternate for the short supply of donated blood, however no-one has perfected the artificial blood. At this moment there are many teams of scientists who are trying to create the perfect replacement of blood, which ideally had a long self-life, does not refrigerated, does not need to match the patient’s blood type and is guaranteed to be free of disease- causing germs. In South African hospitals an artificial blood called Hemopure, is being used to cure severe anaemia. Hemopure is made from the haemoglobin obtained from ‘expired’ blood or from animal blood. The haemoglobin acts like red blood cells as it is wrapped in chemicals. However, Hemopure has not been approved for human use in Australia, since there are side effects to Hemopure. South Africa still use it as the benefits of using this product overshadows the risks. __ Pictures and research from Jacaranda Plus, Core Science Stage 4 __ __ My Video for Technologies and Modern Science/Medicine __

media type="youtube" key="42XxFOiTqfc" height="349" width="425" align="center"

__**The Digestive System**__ **8/8/11**



media type="custom" key="10159151" align="center"
 * **//Organ//** || **//Function//** ||
 * //teeth// || //chop and cut the food to smaller pieces.// ||
 * //saliva// || //changes starch to sugar. Adds liquid to the food making it easier to swallow.// ||
 * //tongue// || //mixes the food with the saliva// ||
 * //Oesophagus// || //food tube, tube where food pushes down from the mouth to the stomach// ||
 * //stomach// || //mixes food, digestive juices so that it can break food down// ||
 * //duodenum// || //first part of the small intestine. Food is broken down further.// ||
 * //small intestine// || //nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream// ||
 * //large intestine// || //bacteria removes nutrients and water from waste// ||
 * //rectum// || //stores solid waste// ||
 * //salivary glands// || //produces saliva// ||
 * //gall bladder// || //stores bile and brings it to the small intestine where it is used to break down food.// ||
 * //liver// || //makes bile, stores nutrients that the body does not use// ||
 * //pancreas// || //makes chemicals to break down food, makes insulin// ||
 * //enzyme// || //chemical that breaks down food// ||
 * //insulin// || //helps cells use sugar// ||
 * //digestive juices// || //acids and enzymes that break down food// ||
 * //bile// || //breaks down fat// ||

**__ The Excretory System 9/8/11 __** media type="youtube" key="9Cdb0G_Vmnw" height="349" width="425" align="center"

**//__ The Urinary System 11/8/11 __//**

**Function of the Kidney:** Function of the excretory system is to remove the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt and urea. **Functions of the:**
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**Kidney**- 2 kidneys constantly filter blood to produce urine.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**Ureters-** 2 ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**Bladder-** The urinary bladder stores urine until it is released from the body.
 * <span style="direction: ltr; font-family: calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: middle;">**Uretus-** is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

__** The Skeletal System 15/08/11 **__ media type="file" key="Skeletal System.wmv" align="center" width="420" height="420"

__** Nutrients 16/8/11 **__
 * **Food Group** || **Source** || **Function** ||
 * Carbohydrates || Whole grains eg. Bread || Provide the body with energy ||
 * Proteins || Meat, poultry || Helps the body grow and repair. ||
 * Fats and Oils || Butter and Oil || Provides a layer of insulation for the body and it is an important component of the cell membrane. ||



media type="custom" key="10347988" align="center"

__Adaptions and Food Web 7/11/11__ media type="custom" key="11203772" align="left" width="140" height="140"



** __The Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Microorganisms 10/11/11__ ** media type="custom" key="11252808" align="center"

**__Abiotic and Biotic Factors in an Ecosystem 19/11/11__** media type="custom" key="11374006" align="center"

**__ Food Chains and Food Webs 19/11/11 __**


 * Producers** are plants as they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food.


 * Consumers** are animals that must eat other plants and animals. They are not able to produce their own foods. **Primary** consumers are herbivores; animals that only eat plants. **Secondary** Consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. **Tertiary** consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores.
 * Decomposers** are organisms that break down dead organic matter and return the nutrients back to the soil.

Here is an example of a coastal food chain:

**MANY FOOD CHAINS MAKE A FOOD WEB**

__**Defintions of Ecology 19/11/11**__