Sarahg

Sarahg

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 * 9/11/2011**

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 * 6/11/2011**


 * 3/11/2011**

The relationship between cells, tissues, organs and systems is that they all need each other in order to keep us alive. When many cells come together they form tissues, which then come together with other tissues and form Organs. The Organs then work together to form a system which is what keeps us alive.
 * Explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and systems:**


 * State with examples that organs are a group of tissues that coordinate to do a specific job.**
 * Lungs: **Brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide
 * Heart: **The heart pumps the blood into your veins which then makes its way around the body.
 * Small ** **intestine:** the small intestine breaks down the fats, proteins and carbohydrates that are contained in the food we eat
 * Brain: **The brain controls your whole body. It controls the way your react to things, the way you move, eat, talk, learn and other things you do.

25th July 2011
 * Make a terminology list in your wiki using the words that you learned from the 2 Quia activities.**
 * ** Respiratory ** || Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water. ||
 * ** Endocrine ** || Secretes hormones that control bodily functions. ||
 * ** Digestive ** || Breaks down foodstuffs and aborts them into the circulatory system. ||
 * ** Lymphatic ** || Contains nodes that may inflame and indicate the presence of infection. ||
 * ** Muscular ** || Moves bones and protects organs. Also maintains the body’s heat and posture ||
 * ** Nervous ** || Coordinates body actions and monitors the environment ||
 * ** Cardiovascular ** || Transports nutrients, gases and chemical waste ||
 * ** Integumentary ** || First line of defence against infection and maintains body temperature ||
 * ** Reproductive ** || Produces offspring to maintain the species ||
 * ** Urinary ** || Removes liquid waste from the body ||
 * ** Skeletal ** || Provides support and protection ||
 * labelled diagram of the respiratory system:**

30th July 2011
 * Notes on Respiratory system**
 * **What are the main organs of the respiratory system?** The main organs of the respiratory system are the lungs. The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide.


 * **What is the trachea?** Warm air enters the lungs via the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea is a hollow tube bolstered by rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing.


 * **What is the diaphragm?** The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle slung beneath the lungs. Its contraction and relaxation forces air in and out of the lungs.


 * **How do the lungs stay inflated?** To stay inflated, the lungs rely on a vacuum within the chest. The diaphragm relaxes and contracts as we breathe. The change in air pressure ‘sucks’ air into the lungs on inhalation, and ‘pushes’ air out during exhalation.


 * **What is the name of the rib muscles that contribute to breathing?** The intercostal muscles between the ribs help to change the internal air pressure by lifting and relaxing the ribcage in rhythm with the diaphragm.


 * **What are the alveoli?** The lungs look like giant sponges, they are filled with thousands of tubes, branching smaller and smaller. Alveoli, or air sacs, are the smallest parts of all.


 * **Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place?** Each alveolus has a fine mesh of capillaries where the exchange of oxygen takes place. Blood containing carbon dioxide enters the capillaries lining the alveoli. The gas moves from the blood across a thin film of moisture and into the air sac. The carbon dioxide is then breathed out. On inhalation, oxygen is drawn into the alveoli, where it passes into the blood using the same film of moisture.


 * ====== **How does the respiratory system contribute to speech?** Exhaled air from the lungs runs over and vibrates the vocal cords inside the throat. The sound of the voice depends on the tension and length of the vocal cords, the shape of the chest and how much air is being exhaled. ======


 * ======Explain how air enters and exists the lungs: Air enters when the diaphragm is lowered due to the movement of muscles. The lower pressure in the chest cavity causes air from the outside to rush into the lungs.======


 * ======Describe the process that occurs inside an alveolus: When air goes through the alveolus there is an exchange of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveolus. Oxygen moves by diffusion from the alveolus into the blood, and Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveolus to be breathed out through the nose.======

30th July 2011
 * Notes on Cellular Respiration**
 * The word equation for cellular Respiration is Oxygen + Glucose = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.
 * Food contains potential energy, which is energy that is stored and released when burnt
 * Cells use oxygen to break down the glucose and store its energy in molecules

2nd August 2011
 * Circulatory System **
 * 1) **State the function of each of the following components of the circulatory system: **
 * **Arteries: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">They have thick, elastic, muscular walls and carry blood under high pressure away from your heart ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Veins: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">They have thinner walls, and valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards. They carry blood to the heart from the rest of the body. ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Capillaries: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">They are the smallest blood vessels. They carry materials such as oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove wastes including carbon dioxide ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Heart: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">It is a pump that circulates the blood around the body ||
 * 1) **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Describe the function of the main components of blood (plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets). **
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Plasma: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Dissolves nutrients such as glucose and some waste products, including carbon dioxide. ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Red: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. When they reach the lungs the oxygen diffuses into the blood . ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">White: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">They fight away diseases. Some white blood cells gobble up germs while others produce chemicals called antibodies that attack germs ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Platelets: ** || <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Platelets help blood to clot if a blood cell is cut. This seals up the cut so that germs cannot get in. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Function of the blood: **
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">To carry nutrients such as glucose
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">To carry wastes such as carbon dioxide
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">To carry oxygen around the body
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">To fight disease
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">To clot when there is a cut so the cut is sealed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Blood is composed of: **
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Plasma
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Red blood cells
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">White blood cells
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Platelets

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Function of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The tiny biconcave RBCs contains haemoglobin that attaches oxygen to be carried around the body

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Function of the White Blood Cells (WBCs) ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The larger WBCs fight diseases be engulfing germs. Some WBCs produce antibodies that attack germs

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Functions of Blood Plasma ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid which mostly consists of water, nutrients such as glucose and waste products such as carbon dioxide are carried around the body in the plasma

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Function of platelets ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Platelets help to clot blood when a blood vessel is cut

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Extra notes: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Cardiovascular is also known as the circulatory system
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The heart is the biological pump that circulates blood around your body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Vascular means blood
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The transport system transports oxygen around your body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The blood takes oxygen to your cells and returns carbon dioxide to your nose when you breath out
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to from the heart to the lungs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veins
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Aorta carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The aorta divide into arteries and the arteries divide into capillaries in the tissue
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The capillaries re-join to form veins
 * <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Veins join together to make the Vena Cava

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">8th August 2011

** Terminology List for the Digestive System: **


 * ** Mouth ** || The mouth is where the digestive tract begins. Enzymes released into the mouth start the process of digestion ||
 * ** Epiglottis ** || the epiglottis is the small piece of tissue that covers the opening to the larynx and trachea to keep food and liquid out of the lungs when you swallow ||
 * ** Pharynx ** || Because both food and air moves through it, the pharynx is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. ||
 * ** Esophagus ** || the esophagus is a soft, muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach ||
 * ** Liver ** || The liver is the body’s largest internal organ. The liver performs many tasks; including storing energy and helping the body get rid of toxins (poisons) ||
 * ** Stomach ** || The stomach has a lining that’s tough enough to hold up in the highly acidic environment needed to break down food. ||
 * ** Gallbladder ** || The gallbladder is a small pouch that stores bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum to help digest fats in the food you eat. ||
 * ** Pancreas ** || The pancreas makes hormones (including insulin) to regulate the blood glucose level. It also makes enzymes used to break down food in the intestines. ||
 * ** Large intestine ** || The large intestine consists of three parts – the cecum, colon and rectum. ||
 * ** Cecum ** || the cecum is the pouch-like beginning of the large intestine ||
 * ** Colon ** || the colon is the largest part of the large intestine, and has three parts – the ascending, transverse and descending colon ||
 * ** Rectum ** || The rectum is the final 6-8 inches (15-20cm) of the large intestine. It stores feces until they leave the body ||
 * ** Small intestine ** || The small intestine is called small because of its width, not its length. It’s actually much longer then the large intestine. The small and large intestines form one continuous tube ||
 * ** Duodenum ** || The duodenum which is part of the small intestine was thought to be about as long as the width of 12 fingers. ||
 * ** Jejunum ** || the jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine and is about 5-8 feet long ||
 * ** Ileum ** || The ileum is the third and final section of the small intestine. At 16-20 feet it’s also the longest. ||
 * ** Appendix ** || The appendix is attached to the cecum. When it gets inflamed, it’s called appendicitis. ||
 * ** Anus ** || the anus marks the exit point of the digestive tract where feces leave the body ||


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Food Group ** ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Source **  ||  **<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Function **  ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Carbohydrates ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Potatoes, pasta and bread || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Used for energy ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Proteins ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Eggs, fish/meat and milk || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Helps your body grow and replaces worn out tissue ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Fats and Oils ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Butter || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Keeps you warm forms a layer of insulation. Important component of the cell membrane ||

9th August 2011 <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">- The excretory system is designed to get rid of waste products circulating in the blood <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">- It is made up of the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra The function of the excretory system is to remove the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt and urea **Functions of:** Kidneys - 2 kidneys constantly filter blood to produce urine Ureters - 2 ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Bladder - the urinary bladder stores urine until it is released from the body Urethra - is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
 * Notes:**
 * Excretory System:**



16th August 2011
 * Skeletal System **
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Shape ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">If the skeletal system didn’t provide our body with support we would be all gooey and squishy and formless ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Protection ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">The skeletal system protects all the softer tissues and gives the muscles something to hang onto ||
 * **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Movement ** || <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif';">Muscles and bones work together to create movement. Bones provide an attachment for the muscles to hold onto. ||