Siobhan

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 * 1. Explain the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and systems. **

Basic - A simple way of looking at how to understand the relationship between these four bodily functions, is looking at it from a building point of view. Cells are the basic units, and can be understood as bricks in a wall. The wall is made up of lots and lots of bricks. The wall is the tissue, made up by the bricks (cells). The whole room with the walls is made up of lots of tissue, so it is an organ. And finally, we have the system, which is made up of lots of rooms (organs).

Scientific – Cells are the basic units. Many cells make up tissue. Lots of tissue makes up and organ, and finally a system is made up of many organs, which all work together. They are in charge of one particular job of the body, just how the circulatory system takes care of blood and the respiratory system is in charge of respiration.

2. **State, with examples that organs are a group of tissues that coordinate to do a specific job. **

One organ cannot work alone to do a specific job. It needs at least one other organ working in harmony with it to perform a certain job. The liver and lungs for example have jobs of their own, but without other organs the job cannot be performed. Two organs or more make up a system. Some of these systems include – - The circulatory system, consisting of; heart, blood vessels and lungs. - The excretory system, consisting of; kidneys, skin, lungs, liver and large intestines. - The nervous system, consisting of; brain, spinal cord and nerves.

**3. Identify a variety of organ systems in animals and recall that they are made up of different organs with a special purpose working together. **


 * **System ** || **Organ ** || **How it works with other systems ** ||
 * Digestive || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Mouth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Food pipe (Oesophagus)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Stomach
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Small Intestine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Large Intestine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Pancreas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Liver || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Mouth Function: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The physical process of chewing and the chemicals in our Saliva cause the surface area of our food to increase and begin to break down our food.**Oesophagus Function:** The partially digested food travels from the mouth to the stomach through the Oesophagus.**Stomach Function:** The function of the stomach is to store food, break food down and mix it with fluids exiting via your stomach lining.**Small Intestine Function:** The function of the Small Intestine is a Chemical digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into your blood.**Large Intestine Function:** The function of the Large Intestine is to convert food waste products into faeces.**Pancreas Function:** The function of the Pancreas is to control Blood and sugar levels throughout the body. The Pancreas also provides chemicals to the opening of the Large Intestine and the bottom of the Oesophagus**Liver Function:** The Function of the Liver is to Store urine. The Liver also provides chemicals for the opening of the Large Intestine and the bottom of the Oesophagus.The digestive system works together to provide our body with nutrients through food that out tissues need to function. The digestive system works together through the process oxidation, in which the surface area of food is increased and allows Energy, Fluids and Carbon Dioxide to spread through our bodies and for us to survive. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Circulatory || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Heart
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Blood vessels || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Heart Function: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The function of the heart is to pump oxygen rich blood throughout your body and oxygen poor blood to your lungs.**Blood vessels Function:** Blood Vessels are hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout your body.The circulatory system is a complex network of veins and arteries that transport blood around the body. The heart us the central part of this system as it is the pump that moves the blood. The blood vessels are named according to the direction in which they carry blood. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. Veins carry blood from the rest of the body to the heart. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Excretory || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Kidney
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Lungs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Liver
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Skin
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Large Intestine || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Kidney Function: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> To make urine from waste products and excess water found in your blood.**Lungs Function:** To remove Carbon Dioxide from the body**Liver Function:** To get rid of toxins, to regulate your blood sugar levels and to produce bile**Skin Function:** To protect your body from damage, infection and drying out. To remove fluids such as sweat and oil.**Large Intestine:** To convert food waste products into faeces.The excretory system works together to remove any unwanted products from the body. The Excretory system's organs remove water, Carbon Dioxide and faeces from your body. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Respiratory || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Lungs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Nose and mouth
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Windpipe || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Lung Function: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out.**Nose and Mouth Function:** The nose filters the air as it enters into the body from dust and warms air if it is too cold.**Trachea function:** The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that Respiration = Breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Reproductive || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Ovaries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Testies || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Ovaries function: **<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. They produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**Testies function**: <span style="background: white; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The reproductive system includes the organs that work together for the purpose of reproduction. The system includes internal and external organs as well as fluids, hormones and pheromones. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Skeleton-muscular System || ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Muscles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Bones || **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Bone function **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">: To maintain body shape, to give us movement, to store nutrients that our blood will need, to protect your organs, to produce red and white blood cells.**Muscle function:** To produce movement and maintain posture.The Skeletomuscular System is the system which makes up the skeleton and muscles which allows the organism to move. It is the foundation of the body, and provides strength and structure to the body. Without it, the body would be frail and would be unable to move. It gives the body shape and size for vertebrates. ||


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%;">Make a terminology list in your wiki using the words that you have learned from the two quia quizzes: **


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Respiratory System || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Endocrine || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Secretes hormones that control bodily functions.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Digestive || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Breaks down and absorbs them into the circulatory system.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Lymphatic || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Contains nodes that may inflame and indicate the presence of infection.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Muscular || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Maintains the body's heat and posture.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nervous || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Coordinates body actions and monitors the environment.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Cardiovascular || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Transports nutrient, gasses and chemical wastes.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Integumentary || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">First line of defence against infection; maintains body temperature.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Urinary || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Removes liquid waste from the body.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Skeletal || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Provides support and protection.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Teeth || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Chop and grind.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Saliva || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Changes starch to sugar, adds liquid to the foods.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Tongue || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Mixes the food with saliva.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Oesophagus || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Food tube, pushes food down from the mouth to the stomach.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Stomach || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Blends, churns mixes food, digestive juices enter here to break food down.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Duodenum || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">First part of the small intestine where food is broken down further by digestive juices and enzyme.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Small Intestine || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream here.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Large Intestine || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Bacteria remove nutrients from waste, water is removed from waste.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Rectum || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Stores solid waste.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Salivary Glands || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Makes saliva.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Gall Bladder || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Stores bile and sends it to the small intestine.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Liver || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Makes bile, stores nutrients that the body does not need right away.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Pancreas || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Makes chemicals needed to break down food, makes insulin.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Enzyme || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Chemical that breaks down food.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Gland || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Factory.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Insulin || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Helps cells use sugar.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Bile || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Yellow-green fluid that breaks down fat.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Digestive Juices || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Acids and enzymes in the stomach that break down food.  ||

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">4. Recall the word equation for cellular respiration. **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; vertical-align: middle;">Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + APT energy.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">5. Label a diagram of the respiratory system (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli). **



**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">6. Explain how air enters and exist the lungs. **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">When you inhale, your diaphragm flattens out, allowing it to move down, so that your lungs can take up the space they need, when they fill up with air. Although the diaphragm gives the lungs more room, it’s not enough for the lungs, so the rib muscles lift the ribs up and outward, allowing for even more room. At the same time as this is happening, air is inhaled through the nose or mouth, and goes down your trachea, or windpipe. The air goes through the bronchi and into the bronchiole.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">When you exhale, this process is reversed. Your diaphragm goes back to normal position, as they is no air in your lungs. Muscles relax, and allow the ribcage to go down into normal position as well. The air then exist out of the nose.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">7. Describe the process that occurs inside an alveolus. **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">oxygen exchange <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> in the lungs takes place across the membranes of small balloon-like structures called alveoli attached to the branches of the bronchial passages. These alveoli inflate and deflate with inhalation and exhalation. The behaviour of the alveoli is largely dictated by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">surface tension <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. It takes some effort to breathe in because these tiny balloons must be inflated, but the elastic recoil of the tiny balloons assists us in the process of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">exhalation <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. If the elastic recoil of the alveoli is compromised, as in the case of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">emphysema <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">, then it is difficult to exhale forcibly.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">8. State the function of each of the following components of the circulatory system: arteries, veins, capillaries, heart, blood. **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The circulatory system is one of the most important systems in the body. It helps move the blood around the body, and the respiratory system contributes to getting oxygen into the blood. The circulatory system consists of: arteries, veins, capillaries, heart and blood.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Arteries **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">An artery is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. There are two main types of arteries; pulmonary arteries and systemic arteries. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rick blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region, the heart itself and the lower regions of the body.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Veins **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">vein <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> is an elastic <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">blood vessel <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> that transports blood from various regions of the body to the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">heart <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pulmonary veins <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Systemic veins return deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the heart. Superficial veins are located close to the surface of the skin and are not located near a corresponding <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">artery <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. Deep veins are located deep within muscle tissue and are typically located near a corresponding artery with the same name.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Capillaries **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A capillary is an extremely small <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">blood vessel <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> located within the tissues of the body, that transports blood from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">arteries <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> to <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">veins <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. Capillaries are most abundant in tissues and organs that are metabolically active. For example, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">muscle tissues <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> and the kidneys have a greater amount of capillary networks than do <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">connective tissues <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Capillaries are so small that red blood cells can only travel through them in single file. Capillaries measure in size from about 5-10 microns in diameter. Capillary walls are thin and are composed of endothelium (a type of simple squamous <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">epithelial tissue <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">). Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes are exchanged through the thin walls of the capillaries.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Capillaries play an important role in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">microcirculation <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. Microcirculation deals with the circulation of blood from the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">heart <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> to arteries, to smaller arterioles, to capillaries, to venules, to veins and back to the heart.The flow of blood in the capillaries is controlled by structures called precapillary sphincters. These structures are located between arterioles and capillaries and contain muscle fibres that allow them to contract. When the sphincters are open, blood flows freely to the capillary beds of body tissue. When the sphincters are closed, blood is not allowed to flow through the capillary beds. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Fluid exchange <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> between the capillaries and the body tissues takes place at the capillary bed.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Heart ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">heart <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> is the organ that helps supply blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. It is divided by a partition or septum into two halves, and the halves are in turn divided into four chambers. The heart is situated within the chest cavity and surrounded by a fluid filled sac called the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">pericardium <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. This amazing muscle produces electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract, pumping blood throughout the body. The heart and the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">circulatory system <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> together form the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">cardiovascular system <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Heart Anatomy: Chambers **


 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Atria <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> - upper two chambers of the heart.
 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Ventricles <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">- lower two chambers of the heart.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Heart Anatomy: Heart Wall **


 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Epicedium <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> - the outer layer of the wall of the heart.
 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Myocardium <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> - the muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart.
 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Endocardium <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">- the inner layer of the heart.



**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Blood ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Blood has three main functions: transport, protection and regulation.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Transport **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Blood transports the following substances:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and rest of the body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Hormones from the glands in which they are produced to their target cells
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Protection ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Blood has several roles in inflammation:


 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Leukocytes <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer cells
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimise blood loss

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Regulation **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Blood helps regulate:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">pH by interacting with acids and bases
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Water balance by transferring water to and from tissues

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">9. Describe the function of the main components of blood (plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets). **

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Plasma ** Blood plasma is a mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases.


 * White Blood Cells**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">White blood cells (WBCs) are also known as leukocytes. They can be divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes. The former have cytoplasms that contain organelles that appear as coloured granules through light microscopy, hence their name. Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. In contrast, agranulocytes do not contain granules. They consist of lymphocytes and monocytes.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Red Blood Cells **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the body's capillaries.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">These cells' cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin, an iron -containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood's red color.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most organelles. 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 20 seconds. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Platelets **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The human body does not handle excessive blood loss well. Therefore, the body has ways of protecting itself. When, for some unexpected reason, sudden blood loss occurs, the blood platelets kick into action.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Platelets are irregularly-shaped, colourless bodies that are present in blood. Their sticky surface lets them, along with other substances, form clots to stop bleeding.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">When bleeding from a wound suddenly occurs, the platelets gather at the wound and attempt to block the blood flow. The mineral calcium, vitamin K, and a protein called fibrinogen help the platelets form a clot.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A clot begins to form when the blood is exposed to air. The platelets sense the presence of air and begin to break apart. They react with the fibrinogen to begin forming fibrin, which resembles tiny threads. The fibrin threads then begin to form a web-like mesh that traps the blood cells within it. This mesh of blood cells hardens as it dries, forming a clot, or "scab."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">11. Outline the function of the following nutrients in keeping the body healthy: carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Carbohydrates. **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Making energy isn’t the only thing your body does with the nutrients in your diet. Carbohydrates also protect your muscles. When you need energy, your body looks for glucose from carbohydrates first. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">If no glucose is available, because you’re on a carbohydrate-restricted diet or have a medical condition that prevents you from using the carbohydrate foods you consume, your body begins to pull energy out of fatty tissue. Your body's next move is to burn its own protein tissue (muscles). If this use of proteins for energy continues long enough, you run out of fuel and die. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A diet that provides sufficient amounts of carbohydrates keeps your body from eating its own muscles. That’s why a carbohydrate-rich diet is sometimes described as //protein sparing.// <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">What else do carbohydrates do?


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Regulate the amount of sugar circulating in your blood so that all your cells get the energy they need.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Provide nutrients for the friendly bacteria in your intestinal tract that help digest food.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Assist in your body’s absorption of calcium.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">May help lower cholesterol levels and regulate blood pressure (these effects are special benefits).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Proteins **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Protein is necessary for the building and repair of body tissues. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">It produces enzymes, hormones, and other substances the body uses. It regulates body processes, such as water balancing, transporting nutrients, and making muscles contract. Protein keeps the body healthy by resisting diseases that are common to malnourished people. Prevents one from becoming easily fatigued by producing stamina and energy. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Protein is found in muscles, bone, haemoglobin, myoglobin, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes, and makes up about 45% of the human body. Muscle is approximately 70% water and only about 20% protein. Therefore, increasing muscle mass requires extra water, extra energy in the form of carbohydrates (to maintain the needs of that extra muscle), and a little extra protein.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats and Oils **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats provide energy. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Gram for gram fats are the most efficient source of food energy. Each gram of fat provides nine calories of energy for the body, compared with four calories per gram of carbohydrates and proteins.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats build healthy cells. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Fats are a vital part of the membrane that surrounds each cell of the body. Without a healthy cell membrane, the rest of the cell couldn't function.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats build brains. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Fat provides the structural components not only of cell membranes in the brain, but also of myelin, the fatty insulating sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber, enabling it to carry messages faster.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats help the body use vitamins. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning that the fat in foods helps the intestines absorb these vitamins into the body.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fats make hormones. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Fats are structural components of some of the most important substances in the body, including prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that regulate many of the body's functions. Fats regulate the production of sex hormones, which explains why some teenage girls who are too lean experience delayed pubertal development and amenorrhea.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fat provides healthier skin. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> One of the more obvious signs of fatty acid deficiency is dry, flaky skin. In addition to giving skin its rounded appeal, the layer of fat just beneath the skin (called subcutaneous fat) acts as the body's own insulation to help regulate body temperature. Lean people tend to be more sensitive to cold; obese people tend to be more sensitive to warm weather.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Fat forms a protective cushion for your organs. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;"> Many of the vital organs, especially the kidneys, heart, and intestines are cushioned by fat that helps protect them from injury and hold them in place. (True, some of us "overprotect" our bodies.) As a tribute to the body's own protective wisdom, this protective fat is the last to be used up when the body's energy reserves are being tapped into.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">12. Label a diagram of the digestive system. **




 * 12. Outline the function of the organs of the digestive system.**

Oesophagus

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The **esophagus** (or **oesophagus**) is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Liver

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, proteinsynthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">This organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It lies below the diaphragm in the abdominal-pelvic region of the abdomen. It produces bile, an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The liver's highly specialized tissues regulate a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Stomach

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">In some animals, including vertebrates , echinoderms , insects (mid-gut) and molluscs , the stomach is a muscular , hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing). The stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. It secretes protein-digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid in food digestion, (sent to it via esophageal peristalsis ) through smooth muscular contortions (called segmentation) before sending partially digested food ( chyme ) to the small intestines.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Large Intestine

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The large intestine (or large bowel) is the second-to-last part of the digestive system — the final stage of the alimentary canal is the anus— in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. This article is primarily about the human gut, though the information about its processes are directly applicable to most mammals.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon. It starts in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist , where it is joined to the bottom end of the small intestine. From here it continues up the abdomen, then across the width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns down, continuing to its endpoint at the anus.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Small Intestine

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">In vertebrates, the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine , and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to describe the entire intestine. This article is primarily about the human gut, though the information about its processes is directly applicable to most placental mammals. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">If your heart or lungs were not working correctly in the 1980’s, Victor Chang was the doctor to visit. He was an Australian doctor, who made numerous contributions to the study and understanding of cardiology and medicine. He was awarded a Companion of the Order of Australia for said contributions. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">The St Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney has Dr Chang to thank for establishing the heart transport unit. He had a team of 40 health professionals who were the best in their field of work, and of which developed many ideas and techniques that lead to an improved success rate. Ninety two precent of Dr Chang’s patients were alive a year after their surgery, and eighty five precent were alive five years later. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Another contribution Dr Chang has made, is developing an artificial heart valve. He was working on developing an artificial heart when he was tragically murdered in 1991 by a gunshot. Victor Chang was an excellent doctor and surgeon, and his contributions to science and medicine will be used and remembered for a long time. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">**21.** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Select any 2 careers in the area of health. Describe these 2 careers using 2 structured paragraphs. ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Medical Pathologists – <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Pathologists are scientists who study diseases. They construct tests to find out the cause of diseases. For example; if you went to a doctors surgery for a blood test, the blood would be examined by a pathologist, as well as technicians, and they would prepare a report for you on the results of the blood. That’s not all pathologists do. They also work with testing tissue samples. Pathologists determine whether moles are harmless or dangerous as well. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Post mortem examinations are quite often done by pathologists as well. That kind of operation is done after death, and if the cause of a person’s death is unclear. The pathologist tests and examines the organs to find out the cause of death. In reality, only a few post mortem examinations are concerned with solving crimes. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Cardiologist - <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A cardiologist is a doctor that specializes in the cardiovascular system. This includes not only the heart, as most people know, but also the veins and arteries. Cardiologists work in hospitals and in private practice, meeting with patients and diagnosing and treating problems with the cardiovascular system. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Cardiologists meet with patients at all stages of their disease, from when the patient first starts to experience symptoms to after treatment for follow-up care. During these consultations, the doctor must listen to the patient's concerns and make recommendations for medical treatment and lifestyle changes that will improve his condition. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">A cardiologist runs tests to help determine what is wrong with a patient's heart or blood vessels. The most common tests include an echocardiogram, an electrocardiogram and an exercise stress test. These tests measure heart performance and look for abnormalities. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Through reviewing test results and listening to patient symptoms, a cardiologist diagnoses the patient's cardiovascular problem. Catching diseases early can help prevent a heart attack or a vascular aneurysm.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">20. Describe some careers in the area of health Science. **

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Notes On Respiration **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">We need regular supply of nutrients.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">We also need a constant supply of oxygen.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">We need to get rid of wastes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Breathing lets oxygen into our bodies and takes carbon dioxide out.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Air passes to the pharynx, then passes through the trachea into the lungs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">To make sure only air goes into our airways, the trachea closes when we swallow.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">The trachea divides into smaller airways called bronchi which divide into even smaller pipes which enter the tissue of the lung.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">The tissue of the lunch is soft and spongy allowing it do inflate and deflate.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Bronchioles are small holes in the lungs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Oxygen is essential to survive. We need it to break down glucose into energy.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Notes on Cellular Respiration **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Everyday activities require energy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Our body makes energy from food which is called Cellular Respiration.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">All organisms harvest energy from food.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Cells capture and store energy in the bonds of APT.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Cellular respiration requires oxygen.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + APT energy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">CR occurs in three basic steps. Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Excretory System **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Our excretory gets rid of waste products that are circulating in the blood.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">It consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder and the ureter.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">The brown section of the kidney is the cortex.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">The smallest unit of a kidney is a nephron.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Each nephron has capillaries.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Two ureters one urethra.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Function of the excretory system: is to remove the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt and urea.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Kidneys - 2 kidneys constantly filter blood to produce urine.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Ureters - 2 ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Bladder - The urinary bladder stores urine until it is released from the body.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; line-height: normal;">Urethra - is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Notes On the Circulatory System **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The heart circulates the blood.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The word vascular refers to blood vessels.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The word cardio refers to the heart.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Blood delivers oxygen to our bodies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The circulatory system, cardio vascular system, transport system.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">It takes carbon dioxide away for disposal.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The heart is a hollow ball of muscle that sits to the left of our chest.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The heart is attached to the lungs by blood vessels.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Blood returns from the veins to the heart.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Arteries take blood from the heart from the rest of the body.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The aorta carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The aorta divides into arteries and arteries divide into capillaries in the tissue.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Lifesaving technology associated with the circulatory system information and video. **  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; text-align: center;">**Identify 3 lifesaving technologies associated with the circulatory system. Write a short note on each of these.** **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Artificial valves ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Heart valves are flaps of tissue within the heart. They open and close to allow blood to flow into the correct cardiac areas in the right direction. Blood is supposed to flow from one of the heart's four chambers to the next. Closing a valve prevents any blood from leaking back. When one of the heart's four valves becomes too diseased or damaged to function properly, blood does not reach the proper area in the right volume. The only effective treatment is valve replacement. Artificial heart valves consist of an orifice, through which blood flows, and a mechanism that closes and opens the orifice. There are two types of artificial heart valves: mechanical devices made from synthetic materials; and biological or tissue valves made from animal or human tissue **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Artificial heart ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The artificial heart can be made of titanium and plastic. An external battery which can supply about 4 to 5 hours of power is strapped to the waist. An internal rechargeable battery is also implanted inside the patients abdomen so they can be disconnected from the main battery for about 3o to 4o minutes for activities like showering. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Artificial Blood ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogates) is a substance used to mimic and fulfil some functions of biological blood, usually in the oxygen-carrying sense. They aim to provide an alternative to blood transduction, which is transferring blood or blood based products from one person into another.The main categories of such oxygen-carrying blood substitutes are haemoglobin based oxygen carriers. (HBOCs)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Structure of the digestive system**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Digestive System Components and Functions; **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Mouth** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Enzymes are released into the mouth and begin the process.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Epiglottis** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Small piece of tissue to block any food or liquid out of the lungs.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Pharynx** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Food moves through the pharynx.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Oesophagus** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Soft muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Liver** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Stores energy and helps get rid of toxins.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Stomach** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Breaks down food.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Pancreas** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Regulates hormones in the bloods glucose level and makes enzymes to break down food in the intestine.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Large intestine** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Three parts- cecum (beginning of the large intestine), colon (largest part of large intestine- three parts- ascending, transverse and descending colon) and rectum (last part of the large intestine- stores faeces until they leave the body)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Small intestine** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Small and large intestine form a continuous tube- three parts duodenum (first part- food is broken down further by digestive juices and enzymes), jejunum (second part) and ileum (last part).

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Appendix** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Attached to the cecum and when inflamed, called the appendicitis.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Anus** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Exit point of the digestive system- where faeces leave the body.